It could be an issue with the software itself or a problem with your computer's hardware. The problem of Microsoft Word freezing in Windows 10 can be caused by several different things. Why Microsoft Word keeps freezing in Windows 10? Microsoft Word is the most widely used word processing program in the world, with over one billion users. It allows users to create, edit, and format text documents. Microsoft Word is a word processing program that is part of the Microsoft Office suite of productivity software. We hope one of these methods helps you get back to work! What is Microsoft Word? But that doesn’t mean it cannot have issues.įortunately, there are a number of solutions that you can try.Īo, in this article, we will discuss 7 different ways to fix the problem of Microsoft Word keeps freezing in Windows 10. Microsoft Word seldom experiences issues, leave alone freezing in Windows. When your Microsoft Word keeps freezing in Windows 10 while you’re working, it points to an underlying issue that needs to be resolved. If that's the case, you should reset the path so that it is blank and the default location is used.Microsoft Word keeps freezing in Windows 10? Here are 11 methods to stop windows word from freezing or constantly crashing in Windows 10.ĭo you have a problem with Microsoft Word freezing in Windows 10? This can be frustrating, especially if you need to get work done. Note that the path should not include “Zotero” in any way, and if it does you previously configured it incorrectly. If another location is listed (e.g., /Applications/Microsoft Office 2011/Office/Startup/Word, from an earlier version of Word), clearing the setting and letting Word use the default location may fix installation problems and allow Zotero to install the plugin automatically going forward. Generally, no location should be listed, causing Word to use the default location. Click on “File Locations” under “Personal Settings” and click on “Startup” at the bottom of the list. In Word, open the “Word” menu in the top-left of the screen and select “Preferences”. If changes you make to the Startup folder aren't taking effect, you can confirm that Word isn't set to a different location. Alternatively, to navigate to it in Finder, hold down Option, click the Go menu, and select Library (which is hidden by default), and then follow the rest of the path. (~/Library refers to the Library folder within your home directory.) You can open it from the Finder by pressing Cmd-Shift-G and copying in the path. The default location of the Startup folder is ~/Library/Group Containers/UBF8T346G9.Office/User Content/Startup/Word. If that's the case, you should reset the path to the default location. You can then open a new File Explorer dialog and paste the path into the address bar to open the Startup folder. Click Cancel to close the dialog without making changes. In the window that opens, click the whitespace to the right of the path in the location bar at the top and copy the complete path to the clipboard by pressing Ctrl-C. The Startup folder should be listed there. In the Word ribbon, click the File tab, click Options, and click Advanced. From there you can navigate to Microsoft\Word\Startup. The AppData folder may be hidden on your system, but you can get there by opening the Windows File Explorer, typing %AppData% in the address bar, and pressing Enter, which will take you into the Roaming directory. The default location of the Startup folder is C:\Users\::username::\AppData\Roaming\Microsoft\Word\Startup, where ::username:: is your computer username.
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We hypothesize that the concurrent use of DOACs plus ASA in individuals with AF or AFL will result in lower rates of MACE when compared to DOAC use alone. Therefore, there is inconclusive evidence to guide physicians on when to continue or to add ASA therapy in patients with AF/AFL using DOACs. The most recent 2016 European Society of Cardiology guidelines emphasize that the use of combination OAC with antiplatelets is contraindicated because of harm (Class III) as this increases bleeding risk and should be avoided in AF patients without another indication for antiplatelet therapy. The 2014 American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology/Heart Rhythm Society practice guidelines and its 2019 focused update for the management of AF do not provide any specific recommendation on concurrent DOAC+ASA use for primary or secondary prevention. Apart from acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and percutaneous coronary or vascular interventions, there is no clear, evidence-based threshold to continue or add ASA for primary or secondary prevention of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) in the setting of AF or AFL treated with OAC. Before patients are diagnosed with AF or AFL, a significant number of them already take aspirin (ASA) for either primary or secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease. OAC can be accomplished with the vitamin K antagonist (VKA) warfarin or one of the direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) apixaban, edoxaban, dabigatran, or rivaroxaban. Oral anticoagulation (OAC) based on stroke risk stratification with CHA2DS2-VASc scores has been the mainstay of stroke prevention therapy. ORBIT-AF demonstrated that 31% of patients with AF had one or more hospitalizations per year. In the Framingham Heart Study cohort, AF was associated with an increase in the risk of mortality to a 1.5-fold in men and 1.9-fold in women. AF and AFL are independently associated with increased mortality and morbidity, including stroke, cardiomyopathy, frequent hospitalizations, and cognitive decline. Atrial flutter (AFL) is less common, with an estimated incidence of 200,000 cases per year in the United States. These findings underscore the potential harm of this combination therapy when used without a clear indication.Ītrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common cardiac arrhythmia, with a prevalence of 1% in the United States. In this observational analysis of patients with atrial fibrillation and flutter, the concomitant use of direct oral anticoagulants and aspirin was associated with an increased risk of both major adverse cardiac and bleeding events when compared to the use of direct oral anticoagulants alone. The rate of death was not statistically different between the groups, (HR 0.87, 95% CI (0.61–1.25)). The rate of bleeding was also higher in the exposed group, (HR 1.30, 95% CI (1.11–1.52)). After using propensity scores to balance the baseline characteristics in both groups, the analysis revealed higher rate of major adverse cardiac events in the exposed group compared to the unexposed group, (HR 2.11, 95% CI (1.74–2.56)) with a number needed to harm of 11 (95% CI ). The group exposed to aspirin contained 2908 subjects, and the group unexposed to aspirin contained 3096 subjects. Six thousand four patients were in the final analysis, 57% males and 80% Caucasians, median age 71, interquartile range (63–80). Secondary outcomes were bleeding and death. Primary outcome was major adverse cardiac events, defined as acute coronary syndromes, ischemic strokes, and embolic events. Patients were classified into two groups based on concurrent aspirin use and observed for a minimum of 2 years. Exclusions were history of venous thromboembolic disease and use of other antiplatelet therapies such as P2Y12 inhibitors. Retrospective study of adult patients between 18 and 100 years old who have nonvalvular atrial fibrillation or flutter and were started on a direct oral anticoagulant (apixaban, rivaroxaban, or dabigatran), between Januand Septemwithin the Beaumont Health System. We aimed to assess whether concurrent aspirin and direct oral anticoagulant therapy for atrial fibrillation or flutter will result in less coronary, cerebrovascular and systemic ischemic events compared to direct oral anticoagulant therapy alone. The benefit of combining aspirin and direct oral anticoagulants on the reduction of cardiovascular events in atrial fibrillation or flutter is not well studied. The problem is that, regardless of all the replies on the previous thread (see above) and what it’s said on the webpage, at this date (July 9, 2023), something is wrong with this process. But… you need the installation app, of course! To this matter, according to what it’s said, when the installer opens, you simply quit it and go to the Applications folder to find the installer there I’ve always preferred no to allow the online installation, but to keep the installer and proceed offline (if you’re updating, then no need to create a pendrive installation, and you can simply double click on the installation app and install the OS, to get your OS updated to the version you’re interested in). Or quit without installing to leave the installer in your Applications folder for later use. Follow the onscreen installation instructions. After downloading to your Applications folder, the installer opens automatically.Software Update might open and ask you to download from there. Click the Get button in the App Store to begin downloading.This started the App Store and presented to me the option to download the installer. OK, I used Safari and clicked onto the “High Sierra 10.13” link. DMG file using a web browser (they recommend, of course, Safari) for High Sierra to Ventura you must use the App Store. For Lion and up to Sierra, you can download directly the. This link lead us to a page entitled “How to download and install macOS”, and there you can find the many options for several macOS versions, from Lion to Ventura. However, after read all the comments I couldn’t find any solution for my problem.Īccording to the many replies, the installer app can be downloaded from the App Store, not directly, but using Safari, going to through the following link. I’ve found an old thread dealing with the subject ( ). I’m interested to instal macOS High Sierra on my ol’ iMac mid-2011 (the latest OS that’s allowed to run on this Mac). In this season, Phase One, the developer of this application, has officially released Capture One Pro 23 for free download. However, it turns out that many photo editing programs are friendlier and just as good as LR, one of which is Capture One Pro.Ĭapture One Pro is the best photo editing application with powerful performance and advanced features. Also, when we talk about photo editing software, Adobe Lightroom is the answer for most people. Wherever they are, they will take photos and update them on social media. In this day, photos have become a necessity for society.
"If God is your partner, make your plans BIG!" - D.L. "We are all faced with a series of great opportunities brilliantly disguised as impossible situations." - Chuck SwindollĢ9. "The best and most beautiful things in this world cannot be seen or even heard, but must be felt with the heart." - Helen KellerĢ8. "God loves each of us as if there were only one of us” - AugustineĢ7. "God will meet you where you are in order to take you where He wants you to go." - T ony EvansĢ6. "If you can’t fly, then run, If you can’t run, then walk, If you can’t walk, then crawl, but whatever you do, you have to keep moving forward." - Martin Luther King Jr.Ģ5. He takes the trials and tests and turns them into a testimony." - Christine CaineĢ3. "What gives me the most hope every day is God’s grace knowing that his grace is going to give me the strength for whatever I face, knowing that nothing is a surprise to God." - Rick Warren Encouraging Christian QuotesĢ4. Direct us, Lord, and get us on our feet." - Beth Mooreġ9. "Your potential is the sum of all the possibilities God has for your life." - Charles StanleyĢ0. "The greater your knowledge of the goodness and grace of God on your life, the more likely you are to praise Him in the storm." - Matt ChandlerĢ1. "God does not give us everything we want, but He does fulfill His promises, leading us along the best and straightest paths to Himself.” - Dietrich BonhoefferĢ2. "God is able to take the mess of our past and turn it into a message. What will we do with the one deep exhale of God on this earth? For we are but a vapor and we have to make it count. I have to go to God in prayer with tears in my eyes, and say, 'O God, forgive me,' or 'Help me.'” - Billy Grahamġ8. "This is our time on the history line of God. I have my moments of deep discouragement. "The Christian life is not a constant high. To him, death is gain." - Randy Alcornġ7. He who lays up treasures in heaven looks forward to eternity he’s moving daily toward his treasures. "Our greatest fear should not be of failure but of succeeding at things in life that don’t really matter." - Francis Chanġ6. "He who lays up treasures on earth spends his life backing away from his treasures. "Be faithful in small things because it is in them that your strength lies." - Mother Teresa Christian Quotes About Lifeġ4. "He is no fool who gives what he cannot keep, to gain what he cannot lose." - Jim Elliotġ6. "We are all faced with a series of great opportunities brilliantly disguised as impossible situations." - Chuck Swindollġ3. "The best and most beautiful things in this world cannot be seen or even heard, but must be felt with the heart." - Helen Kellerġ2. But faith knows where to take them." - Elisabeth Elliotġ0. "God will meet you where you are in order to take you where He wants you to go." - Tony Evansġ1. "Christ literally walked in our shoes." - Tim Kellerħ. "Worry does not empty tomorrow of its sorrows it empties today of its strength." - Corrie Ten BoomĨ. "The will of God will not take us where the grace of God cannot sustain us." - Billy Grahamĩ. "Faith does not eliminate questions. "Let God’s promises shine on your problems.” - Corrie ten BoomĦ. Download our FREE 30 Days of Praise and Prayer guide to help get started today.ĥ. Inspiring verses and quotes tend to lift up our hearts in praise and adoration of God. Join us on a journey of faith and reflection as we explore these inspirational words of wisdom. In this compilation, we've curated 50 remarkable Christian quotes that span centuries and denominations, offering insights into the profound and timeless truths that continue to shape the lives of believers around the world. God is the basis for all of our inspiration because He is the basis for everything good and everything worth imitating.įrom the teachings of Jesus Christ to the wisdom of theologians, saints, and modern-day leaders, Christian quotes have the power to inspire, comfort, and guide us in our faith journey. However, Christians can unite around one inspirational source-God himself. Inspiration is subjective, as different people will find different things to be inspiring. Everyone loves to read words of encouragement and positivity, especially in the form of Christian quotes. Why is there no color management still in your app? Who is the app designed for? TikTokers? Because its not for any kind of professional workflow. Bizarre, priorities.ī) Speaking of priorities. So how is this new pre alpha side project a priority? Its a welcomed addition, but not at the expense of core product features. Tones of features and requests, not to mention just basic stability and performance is still not there. Beta plug in for After Effects seems very strange decision.Ī) Topaz Video AI is in beta it self, and releasing a beta (this time officially called beta, and that in Topaz talk means pre alpha), seems a strange priority for the company that still can’t produce a polished, stable core product. In any case, you have to try with your videos and check whether the results are good or not.Ī known issues list is shorter than changes and fixes issues list. And not having the preview during export does not bother me because it slows down the export speed. Personally I am several dozen S8 films and not disappointed but I spent at least 3 to 4 hours finding the combination of models to obtain correct results. OFX Davinci Resolve or Dehancer Pro OFX (?) I don’t know if I will do a second pass to climb everything in 4K but I will do this second pass to increase the sharpness before apply new grain. It is not the fastest but by setting the performance at 90% my CPU is used at 30% and my GPU 68% (OSD GPU Tweak III of Asus). I get (in my opinion) to a very correct result to treat them in Davinci Resolve Studio in HD.Īll at 4 fps. Objective: to withdraw this grain and put it back at the end but after assembly in Davinci Resolve. These clips are super 8 scan with a very large grain. I treat videos 1440x1080 in 16 FPS and interpole at 25 fps (PAL/FRANCE). Personally I am happy with this new version (including since V4.0.0) We are excited to get your feedback on the plugin! Please sound off below, or in the new Plug-ins section of the forums. More integrations - including DaVinci Resolve & other host apps.Add Frame Interpolation to After Effects & Premiere Pro plugins.
If there are multiple creatives/ads in the same ad group, a few ads will typically get the most impressions/clicks/conversions, while the rest of the ads tend to get much fewer impressions. Different bidding strategies: Cost Cap, Lowest Cost, Minimum ROAS, Highest Valueĭon't upload too many creative ads under the same ad group.Different optimization goals: Click, View Content, Add to Cart, Complete Payment.automatic targeting, interest & behavior targeting, custom audiences, etc. Different targeting products: custom vs.□ Simply duplicating ad groups without any adjustment will NOT help! Creating multiple diversified ad groups will help the ads experiment and scale. □ There is NO need to only put 1 ad group in 1 campaign.ĭon't duplicate campaigns without any adjustments. Advertisers can add ad groups into one campaign, as long as the ad groups share the same objective. It is recommended to have 3-5 diversified ad groups within one campaign. As a result, both underestimation and overestimation can be improved, and higher budget consumption, learning phase pass rate and lower CPA can be expected. The more conversions/data the account accumulates, the more accurate the algorithm will be at re-editing the CVR. □ Does it help to run multiple different ad accounts?Ī good, mature account is beneficial to all ad group users, and only one account is really needed. Target different markets if the websites are different, e.g.Target different age groups when the audience for the products varies by age.Target females for yoga leggings and target males for belts.When selling products from different categories:Īdvertisers can leverage different targeting options available on TTAM to guide our algorithm, such as: What advertisers really need to do is to refresh their creatives, and adjust their tagalong or bid/budget. When overbidding/under-delivering, or when creative fatigue happens: as long as the creative/ targeting/bid/budget is the same, then creating new accounts will not help advertisers improve their ad performance. Scenarios in which you don't need to create a new account: You have one account for App, one account for Web.You have different games/apps to promote under iOS14 Dedicated Campaigns.You need an account for auction ads and another account for reservation ads.You have different agencies/teams managing your accounts.You can create a new ad account for better management and analysis. Avoid any political, religious, or culturally sensitive content.įor more information related to Ad review, please visit □ 、source.Avoid any sort of infringement of intellectual property.Avoid any misleading claims, false information, and sensational or shocking content.Make sure that text, image, caption, audio, video, landing page, and language in your ads are created in a consistent and appropriate way that makes for a positive user experience.Make sure that your promoted products or services are not listed as a prohibited industry according to our industry entry policy.You may refer to the details provided on the ad rejection prompt, which you can find on your Campaign tab's Ad Group and Ad lists. An ad is rejected when it violates one or more of our advertising policies.What is the exact reason that my ad got rejected? For more information on how to track the status of your ad review, see Campaign, Ad Group, and Ad Status. Typically, most ads are reviewed within 24 hours, although in some cases it may take longer.How long does it take to get a new ad group approved? Depictions of excessive and irresponsible drinkingįor more information related to ads policy click here.Still images must appear for longer than 5 seconds.They should be vertical by nature for a fully immersive experience. Must not be horizontal or vertically flipped images.Avoid typos, punctuation errors, or gimmicks around prohibited messaging (see below).Ad title must not be a URL or incomplete sentence. Free of inescapable pop-ups and prohibited information.Informative and helpful, and not demanding of personal information.The various ad elements (caption, text, image and video, CTA) on TikTok ads must match their respective landing pages. they ARE able to turn off Smart WiFi, just not in those words. I guess this means that it had been turned off inadvertently during the agent's process. This solved my exact problem! I now had two separate networks, one for 2.4GHZ and one for 5GHZ.Īnd when I logged back into my router settings a few minutes later on my own, I noticed that there was a prompt to turn on Smart WiFi. I said, "Great!" They did so after only a few minutes. Do you have any tips for how to do this?"Īfter a few minutes, the agent proposed that they could separate the 2.4 GHZ network from the 5 GHZ network. so I asked, "I have a device that can only connect to a 2.4 GHZ WiFi network. After being transferred, I was told disabling Smart WiFi is not possible. I was put on hold for about 40 minutes before I was transferred. SOLUTION: I had to contact Optimum support. This is a problem, because in my apartment my phone is almost always connected to the 5GHZ variant. Why: Certain of my smart devices (smart bulbs, smart plugs) can only connect to the 2.4GHZ variant.Clients that are far away from the router may obtain only 10 to 50 of the network bandwidth that clients near it receive. For multiple wireless clients, find a good compromise position. If you have only one wireless device, install the base station near this client. however, on a "normal" router, you'd just have two separate WiFi's, one for each variant. Install the Wireless Access Point or Router in a Central Location. Both networks meshes are under the same network name. What is Smart Wifi?: Smart WiFi automatically chooses, on a per device basis, whether to connect you to the 2.4 or 5GHZ variant of WiFi. Find out how you can upgrade to Optimum Smart WiFi 6, with 3x faster home internet than other WiFi technologies delivering better home WiFi coverage.My problem: I wanted to turn off Smart WiFi, which was automatically turned on when I got my new router.I'm not a tech person, so bear with me if I oversimplify how WiFi works: I wanted to make a post about this, as all the threads I was finding didn't have the answer. News 12 Networks- a group of cable networks that provide news, weather, traffic and sports to cable subscribers in the New York/New Jersey/Connecticut tri-state area through seven individual 24-hour local news channels and five traffic and weather channels. Lightpath is currently available in 21 state and serves more than 375,000 businesses. Lightpath- A internet and telephone service for business. Optimum Voice- a Voice over IP (VoIP) telephone service Additionally, they may also connect to hotspots provided by Charter Spectrum, Comcast and Cox nationwide. Subscribers also get access to Optimum WiFi hotspots that are located within the Altice's service area. Optimum Online- a DOCSIS Internet service that offers speeds up to 400 Mbps. No other ISPs near me? Guide to startup ISPs Guide to using your own router with Optimum Do not give your account number, address, phone number, etc to any user claiming to be an employee. Soliciting personally identifying information is considered phishing, and you can be permabanned from the sub and possibly from Reddit. This sub DOES NOT VERIFY Altice/Optimum employees except for the official social media account. You may also contact u/ItsOptimum.įor a list of helpful threads please check the sidebar on /r/optimum. If you want a response from the company it is best to contact Customer Support. Disable it to use the 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz Wi-Fi network bands separately.This is an unofficial, informal discussion forum about Optimum, where you can share concerns and information, and organize to advocate for better service!ĭisclaimer: This subreddit is not affiliated with Optimum or Altice USA in any way. Enter the Wi-Fi Password in the Password field.Įnable “Same network name and password as 2.4 GHz” option to combine 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz WiFi networks into one network.Enter the Wi-Fi Network Name in the Network name field.From the My WiFi network option, click More.How to change Optimum Wi-Fi Password and Network Name? The default router IP address, Username, and Password will be printed on a sticker on the under side or back of your modem or router. Internet -> Optimum modem -> Optimum Router WAN portOptimum router LAN port -> LinkSys Smart Wifi master node. The SURFboard G36 is a DOCSIS 3.1 Cable Modem & Wi-Fi 6 Router combo. If you are using your own Optimum-compatible modem, you may be able to log in to the router settings through the router IP address or. Product Description Multi-gigabit speeds for your home network. You will be logged in to the Optimum router settings.Enter your Optimum ID and password and click Sign In.Open a browser and type in the address bar.Optimum Network Dashboard allows you to change WiFi password, Network Name (SSID), and default router settings at. Even if you wish to get the wiring done, you’ll have to spend a lot of money which may not be worth it. However, you may not have access to ethernet in all the rooms of your house. as well as moving the "PoE" MoCA filter to the input of the top-level splitter, to maximize the performance benefit of the filter.An ethernet connection can be both faster and more reliable than Wi-Fi. Not that it's certainly your issue, but I'd look at replacing both splitters with known-good "designed for MoCA 2.x" splitters*. If you’ll be supplanting the G1100’s built-in MoCA LAN bridge with a standalone adapter, you’ll need to disable the MoCA LAN bridge via the G1100’s configuration UI or disconnect the G1100 from the coax, though the latter can only be done if the G1100’s WAN link with the ONT is over Cat*/Ethernet. here’s a listing of available MoCA adapters: Thanks so much for making this clear! I went ahead and ordered 2 of the MOCA 2.0 bonded adapters to increase the throughput.įYI. either matching the bonded MoCA 2.0 spec of the MM1000 (800-1000 Mbps) or bumping both adapters up to MoCA 2.5 (up to 2000-2500 Mbps shared). If greater throughput is required, you’d want to supplant the G1100’s built-in MoCA bridge with a separate, standalone MoCA adapter at the G1100. Theoretically, yes, but some due diligence would be required to verify that the coax outlets interconnect.Īssuming connectivity, the G1100 sports a standard MoCA 2.0 LAN bridge, so could achieve up to 400-500 Mbps throughput with a bonded MoCA 2.0 Motorola MM1000 adapter. And though the BAMF product description may make the claim, it also says it's optimized for satellite - and it can't be both. Neither of these splitters are optimized for MoCA. I did look at the redit link but i got confused lol. Internet speeds via wired lan are between 800-950 mbps. but i disconnected it i seemed to be getting ip conflicts.Īll the devices in the junction run to different rooms but only are connected to 2 STB one off the splitter and one homerun connecton all other coax is open ended. Yes the switch is coming off of one of the routers lan ports. Yes a set STB is hanging off that splitter. Not sure how you would do that but if it needed to be done i have more then enough cat6 to do itĮverything is that picture is in the same room except the ont and junction box. Then the coax on the splitter is coming from the junction box then being split off to the router and tv. fiber into the house / coax in the junction box and back in. it seems the ont is feeding the cable junction box outside. The splitter "optimization" is secondary to the diagram posted, which I can use some help understanding:Ĭlick to expand.thank you so much for taking the time to help me. The diagram would benefit by providing more detail on the central junction, as well as how the pictured components connect to the central junction and illustrating device co-location. Is this switch connected to the router's LAN? (It would need to be.) (MoCA adapters use a diplexer, internally, to redirect the frequencies where needed, rather than using a simple splitter, so the "IN/OUT" port on the Translite is designed to pass frequencies up to 1002 MHz.)Ģ) The diagram indicates that the MoCA adapter is connected to a switch. ! Critically, if the router's WAN connection is via MoCA or a FiOS set-top box is hanging off that 2-way splitter, they MUST NOT be connected via the MoCA adapter's pass-through port, as the "IN/OUT" pass-through port severely attenuates signals at MoCA frequencies. ? Are the devices pictured in the same room/location? ? Are you also subscribed to FiOS TV service? ? Can the router be connected via Ethernet to the ONT? ? What is your ONT's WAN connection type, Ethernet WAN or MoCA WAN? ? What is the brand/model # of the router? And that you have a TV connected downstream of the MoCA adapter, as well. 1) The diagram appears to show the router ONLY connected via coax, via the MoCA adapter's pass-through port. If people aren't sensitive to the price, the monopolist is going to say, "Great. So the conclusion here is that the less sensitive quantity demanded is to price, the higher the markup is going to be. So even when the price goes up they're still going to ask for the pharmaceutical - the quantity demanded isn't going to go down very much. And we know for pharmaceuticals often the insurance company or Medicaid or Medicare or a government program, they're going to be paying for the pharmaceutical, so that the person who is demanding the pharmaceutical - they're not paying the price. If somebody else is paying for the medicine, the user, the consumer is going to be less sensitive to the price. It would be profit maximizing for me to increase the price."Īnother effect, the "other people's money" effect. Since the customers are insensitive to the price, the monopolist is going to say, "Hey, I can increase the price and they're still going to buy, so I should increase the price. If the price of a life saving medicine goes up, the quantity demanded isn't going to go down very much. You can't take it with you so may as well spend all you have trying to save your life. Namely, people with serious illnesses are going to be relatively insensitive to the price of life saving medicine. First, the "you can't take it with you" effect. Two effects are going to increase the monopoly markup in this case. For intuition, let's go to our case of a pharmaceutical. Now let's give some intuition for what determines the size of the monopoly markup. And profits are the difference between price and average cost times the quantity, which is this shaded area. And we can also read off this diagram, total profits for the monopolist which are above normal profits. Here in equilibrium we have price is much greater than marginal cost, that's a monopoly markup. We know that in a competitive market, price would be equal to marginal cost. The monopoly markup is the difference between price and marginal cost. And we know that we read the profit maximizing price as the highest price that people are willing to pay per unit for that quantity, in this case that's $12.50. We know that the profit maximizing quantity is found where marginal revenue is equal to marginal cost. We know how to find the marginal revenue curve as a curve starting out on the vertical axis at the same point as the demand curve with twice the slope. Everything on this diagram should now be familiar. Okay, let's do a very brief review where we ended up last time. But how much greater? What determines the markup? What we're going to show in this talk is that the monopoly markup depends upon the elasticity of demand. In a market with a monopoly, we now know the price will be greater than marginal cost. Economists generally refer to these monopolies as natural monopolies.In a competitive market, we know that price is equal to marginal cost and equilibrium. Most public utilities would fall into this category.
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